Science and Technology (Early Development) free essay sample

Early developments The key disciplinary components of STS took shape independently, beginning in the 1960s, and developed in isolation from each other well into the 1980s, although Ludwig Flecks monograph (1935) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact anticipated many of STSs key themes: Science studies, a branch of the sociology of scientific knowledge that places scientific controversies in their social context. History of technology, that examines technology in its social and historical context. Starting in the 1960s, some historians questioned technological determinism, a doctrine that can induce public passivity to technologic and scientific natural development. At the same time, some historians began to develop similarly contextual approaches to the history of medicine. History and philosophy of science (1960s). After the publication of Thomas Kuhns well-known The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), which attributed changes in scientific theories to changes in underlying intellectual paradigms, programs were founded at the University of California, Berkeley and elsewhere that brought historians of science and philosophers together in unified programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Science and Technology (Early Development) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Science, technology, and society In the mid- to late-1960s, student and faculty social movements in the U. S. , UK, and European universities helped to launch a range of new interdisciplinary fields (such as Womens Studies) that were seen to address relevant topics that the traditional curriculum ignored. One such development was the rise of science, technology, and society programs, which are also—confusingly—known by the STS acronym. Drawn from a variety of disciplines, including anthropology, history, political science, and sociology, scholars in these programs created undergraduate curricula devoted to exploring the issues raised by science and technology. Unlike scholars in science studies, history of technology, or the history and philosophy of science, they were and are more likely to see themselves as activists working for change rather than dispassionate, ivory tower researchers[citation needed]. As an example of the activist impulse, feminist scholars in this and other emerging STS areas addressed themselves to the exclusion of women from science and engineering. Science, engineering, and public policy studies emerged in the 1970s from the same concerns that motivated the founders of the science, technology, and society movement: A sense that science and technology were developing in ways that were increasingly at odds with the publics best interests. The science, technology, and society movement tried to humanize those who would make tomorrows science and technology, but this discipline took a different approach: It would train students with the professional skills needed to become players in science and technology policy. Some programs came to emphasize quantitative methodologies, and most of these were eventually absorbed into systems engineering. Others emphasized sociological and qualitative approaches, and found that their closest kin could be found among scholars in science, technology, and society departments. [citation needed] During the 1970s and 1980s, leading universities in the U. S. , UK, and Europe began drawing these various components together in new, interdisciplinary programs. For example, in the 1970s, Cornell University developed a new program that united science studies and policy-oriented scholars with historians and philosophers of science and technology. Each of these programs developed unique identities due to variation in the components that were drawn together, as well as their location within the various universities. For example, the University of Virginias STS program united scholars drawn from a variety of fields (with particular strength in the history of technology); however, the programs teaching responsibilities—it is located within an engineering school and teaches ethics to undergraduate engineering students—means that all of its faculty share a strong interest in engineering ethics.

Did Homers Troy Really Exist essays

Did Homer's Troy Really Exist essays Homers Troy, did it really exist? Did the Trojan War really happen as depicted in the Iliad? There are many sceptics that say no, the Trojan War, described in the epic poem The Iliad never happened. On the other hand, many others have spent years trying to prove these critics wrong. An archaeologist, by the name of Manfred Korfmann, who was directly involved in one of the several excavations of Troy, stated that because the city was so strategically placed by a large body of water, to make trade easier, that the war could have easily been fought there and that The Iliad was the story from that war. Troy was a city, located at Hissarlik, in Turkey (Tyler 7). Homer describes the Trojan War as a ten-year long bloodbath. The event, in which Homer recites as the cause of this long battle, is when Paris, who is the prince of Troy, convinces Helen, wife of Menelaus, to come back to Troy to be his wife. This of course infuriates Menelaus, the King of Sparta. So the Greeks decide that they will go retrieve her from the walls of Troy. Battles occur day in and day out. Both the Greeks and the Trojans have won their share of these battles. The problem was that the Trojan walls were seemingly impenetrable. The Greeks devise the plan of the Trojan Horse. As a gift, they built a huge wooden horse large enough to fit many Greeks inside. When the Trojans brought the horse inside the walls, and were celebrating their supposed victory, the Greeks emerged from the horse and overtook the city. Killing and burning everything in sight. Homers story is a strange mixture of gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines(Edmondson 4); this is why many pass it off as a fictional story. Jacob Bryant, rejected the reality of the war and the city of Troy (Wood 41). Others, such as Heinrich Schliemann and Frank Calvert, both archeologists, were convinced the Trojan War happened and that Troy really did exist, and they set out...